Recently, Member Wu Jiezhuang responded to suggestions such as strengthening resource support for Web3.0 technology research and development, strengthening technical supervision and management, encouraging international cooperation, and strengthening publicity and promotion. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology stated that it will strengthen collaborative interaction with relevant departments to promote Web3.0 technological innovation and high-quality industrial development. For specific interpretation, please click:Lawyer interpretation! How does the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology formulate a Web3.0 development strategy that is in line with national conditions?As soon as the news came out, the circle was shocked and people were shouting: The good policies for blockchain are coming. While celebrating, we might as well take a look at the red lines that cannot be crossed when starting a business in the Web3.0 field in China, and what policies can help entrepreneurs to flourish.
1. Overview of China’s blockchain regulatory policies
Blockchain technology is only 14 years old, and its development has been full of twists and turns, not only in China, but also around the world. Since its birth, China’s supervision of blockchain has always been making positive progress, which is organized as follows before and after the effective date:
2013.12.03: Notice on Preventing Bitcoin Risks (289 Notice)
Background: Bitcoin has attracted widespread attention internationally, and some domestic institutions and individuals have taken the opportunity to speculate on Bitcoin and Bitcoin-related products. In order to protect the property rights and interests of the public, ensure the legal currency status of RMB, prevent money laundering risks, and maintain financial stability.
Issuing unit: Peoples Bank of China, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China Securities Regulatory Commission, etc.
main content:
(1) Bitcoin is a virtual commodity, not a currency. It does not have the same legal status as currency and cannot be used as currency in the market.
(2) Financial institutions and payment institutions are not allowed to carry out Bitcoin-related businesses. You are not allowed to buy, sell or act as a central counterparty to buy or sell Bitcoins, you are not allowed to underwrite Bitcoin-related insurance business or include Bitcoins in your insurance coverage, and you are not allowed to directly or indirectly provide customers with other Bitcoin-related services, including: providing Bitcoins to customers Registration, trading, clearing, settlement and other services; accepting Bitcoin or using Bitcoin as a payment and settlement tool; carrying out exchange services between Bitcoin and RMB and foreign currencies; carrying out Bitcoin storage, custody, mortgage and other businesses; issuing and related to Bitcoin Financial products; using Bitcoin as an investment target for trusts, funds, etc.
(3) Shut down illegal Bitcoin Internet websites.
2017.09.04: Announcement on Preventing Financing Risks of Token Issuance (September 4th Announcement)
Background: A large number of financing activities through the issuance of tokens, including initial coin offerings (ICOs), have emerged in China, and speculation is rampant, seriously disrupting the economic and financial order.
Issuing unit: Peoples Bank of China, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China Securities Regulatory Commission
main content:
(1) Token issuance financing is prohibited. Token issuance financing refers to financing entities raising so-called virtual currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum from investors through the illegal sale and circulation of tokens. It is essentially an act of illegal public financing without approval and is suspected of illegal sales. Token tickets, illegal issuance of securities, illegal fund-raising, financial fraud, pyramid schemes and other illegal and criminal activities.
(2) Virtual currency exchange business is prohibited. Any so-called token financing trading platform shall not engage in the exchange business between legal currency and tokens or virtual currencies, shall not buy or sell tokens or virtual currencies as a central counterparty, and shall not be a token or virtual currency. Currency provides pricing, information intermediary and other services.
(3) Financial institutions and non-bank payment institutions are not allowed to carry out business related to token issuance financing transactions.
2021.09.15: Notice on Further Preventing and Handling the Risks of Speculation in Virtual Currency Transactions (924 Notice)
Background: The rise of speculative activities in virtual currency transactions has disrupted the economic and financial order, spawned gambling, illegal fund-raising, fraud, pyramid schemes, money laundering and other illegal and criminal activities, and seriously endangered the property safety of the people.
Issuing units: Peoples Bank of China, Office of the Central Cybersecurity and Information Technology Commission of the Communist Party of China, Supreme Peoples Court, Supreme Peoples Procuratorate, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration for Market Regulation, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission Management Committee, State Administration of Foreign Exchange
main content:
(1) Virtual currency cannot be used as currency in the market.
(2) Business activities related to virtual currency are illegal financial activities. Carry out legal currency and virtual currency exchange business, exchange business between virtual currencies, act as a central counterparty to buy and sell virtual currencies, provide information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions, token issuance financing, virtual currency derivatives transactions and other virtual currency related Business activities involving illegal sales of tokens, unauthorized public issuance of securities, illegal futures business, illegal fund-raising and other illegal financial activities are strictly prohibited.
(3) Domestic staff who provide services for overseas virtual currency exchanges must bear legal responsibility. It is also an illegal financial activity for overseas virtual currency exchanges to provide services to residents in my country through the Internet. Domestic staff of relevant overseas virtual currency exchanges, as well as legal persons, unincorporated organizations and natural persons who know or should know that they are engaged in virtual currency-related businesses and still provide marketing publicity, payment and settlement, technical support and other services to them shall be investigated in accordance with the law. responsibility.
2021.09.03: Notice on Rectifying Virtual Currency Mining Activities
Background: Virtual currency “mining” activities (referring to the process of producing virtual currency through special “mining machines”) consume large amounts of energy and carbon emissions, and have low contribution to the national economy. In addition, there are risks derived from the production and trading of virtual currency. It is becoming more and more prominent, and its blind and disorderly development has a negative impact on promoting high-quality economic and social development and energy conservation and emission reduction.
Issuing unit: National Development and Reform Commission, Central Propaganda Department, Central Cyberspace Administration of China, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Finance, Peoples Bank of China, State Administration of Taxation, State Administration for Market Regulation, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, National Energy Administration
main content:
(1) It is strictly prohibited to add new virtual currency “mining” projects and accelerate the orderly exit of existing projects.
(2) Supervise the entire upstream and downstream industry chain of virtual currency “mining” activities, and strengthen the investigation and rectification of virtual currency “mining” activities.
(3) Investigate and punish illegal power supply activities in accordance with the law, implement differential electricity prices, and do not allow virtual currency “mining” projects to participate in the electricity market.
(4) Stop all fiscal and tax support for virtual currency mining projects, stop providing financial services to virtual currency mining projects, and phase them out within a time limit in accordance with the Industrial Structural Adjustment Guidance Catalog.
2. How will the court rule on cases involving virtual currency?
Cases involving virtual currency often become a mystery in the trial process of courts across China. Sometimes the contract is valid (Shanghai Qingpu Court Chain Game Misappropriation Case), sometimes the contract is invalid (Beijing Chaoyang Court Bitcoin Mining Case), sometimes the court supports the return of virtual currency (Shanghai Baoshan Court Virtual Currency Lending Case), some The court does not support the return of virtual currency (Shenzhen Court Mining Machine Investment Return Case).
1. Judgment position of currency-related cases
original:
The National Court Financial Trial Work Conference believes that the trading and speculation activities of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, etc. have seriously disrupted the economic and financial order and seriously endangered the property security of the people. In order to prevent and control the risks of speculation in virtual currency transactions, relevant departments of the State Council have successively issued a series of policies and measures to clarify that virtual currencies do not have the status of legal tender, prohibit the development and participation in virtual currency-related businesses, and clean up and ban domestic virtual currency transactions and token issuance financing platforms. When hearing dispute cases related to virtual currency, the peoples courts should carefully study the adjustments of national financial supervision and industrial regulation and other public policies in different periods, and accurately determine the parties implementation of the law in accordance with the provisions of Article 153, paragraph 2, of the Civil Code. The effectiveness of legal actions related to virtual currency.
Lawyer’s interpretation:
Political correctness is the first step. In response to the policy call, the court unified its thinking and once again reiterated Chinas social influence on virtual currencies: seriously disrupting the economic and financial order + endangering the safety of the people.
There are three major negative lists for virtual currency in China: (1) Virtual currency cannot be used as money; (2) Virtual currency exchange business cannot be carried out in China (it is not allowed to operate in China or for Chinese citizens); (3) It cannot be used in China ICO, IEO and other public-facing token financing
In the trial of virtual currency cases, we cannot be lazy or make a one-size-fits-all decision with the benefit of hindsight. We must follow the regulatory policies of different periods to determine the legal effect of the relevant actions in the case. For friends in the currency circle, this can be said to be justice. After all, the behavior before the policy is issued, based on the principle of freedom + your own will, should naturally be legal and valid, and be protected by the law.
2. Handling of disputes involving virtual currency as payment consideration
original:
Virtual currency has some attributes of online virtual property. If the parties agree to use a small amount of virtual currency to offset debts arising from basic relationships such as trade and labor services, if there are no other invalid reasons, the peoples court shall determine that the contract is valid. If a party requests the other party to perform its obligation to deliver virtual currency, the peoples court may support it; if it is unable to actually perform due to relevant policy restrictions and other reasons, the scope of compensation losses may be determined based on the actual value of the corresponding property accepted by the party paying the virtual currency when the contract was signed. If a party uses virtual currency as a regular payment tool to exchange for legal currency or physical commodities under the guise of a basic transaction contract, the peoples court shall determine that the contract is invalid.
Lawyer’s interpretation:
Although virtual currency cannot be used as money, it still has a certain property value after all. Folks have always had the habit of using things to offset their debts when they owe money and have no money. This also applies to virtual currencies. Therefore, if both parties have an obligation to pay remuneration or give money due to other legal matters, but do not have the money to pay, then the two parties agree to use virtual currency to offset the account, which is legal and valid.
Let’s take an example to understand the application scenario of this regulation: It is nominally to help employees save taxes, but actually it is to help project owners save social security provident funds and other expenses. Many blockchain companies pay their employees wages by issuing USDT (or even their own project Tokens). If an employee has a conflict with the company and goes to court, the court will say that although your physical job is very hard, you still need to pay. Because workers are not protected by law because they violate policies, they would definitely not be happy to beat them up. Therefore: if you want to beat workers in the currency circle, you still have to sign the labor contract that needs to be signed, and you can boldly ask for the wages that need to be demanded.
What if the court wants to order the payment of virtual currency, but the other party does not have the virtual currency? The court can use the value obtained by the beneficiary party when the contract is signed to make the conversion. To facilitate everyones understanding, we will also take salary payment as an example: a project party and its employees agreed that the monthly salary is USDT equal to 100,000 RMB. If the company is unwilling/unable to give USDT to employees later, then the company should give 100,000 RMB to the employees.
3. Trial of entrusted investment virtual currency disputes
original:
The parties agree in the contract that the client registers an account on the virtual currency trading platform in his own name and entrusts the trustee to engage in investment activities; or the client directly delivers the funds to the trustee, and the trustee in his own name or If someone actually borrows the name of another person to engage in investment management, it can be deemed that both parties have established an entrusted investment contract. If the contract was signed after the announcement of the Announcement on Preventing Financing Risks of Token Issuance (September 4, 2017), the Peoples Court should determine that the entrustment contract is invalid because the agency matter is illegal. For the loss suffered by the client, the cause of the entrusted matter can be used as the main consideration in determining the degree of fault, and the losses will be shared by the parties.
Lawyer’s interpretation:
The signed currency speculation agreement is valid before September 4, 2017.
After September 4, 2017, the currency speculation agreement signed is invalid because it is necessary to prevent financial risks and making money through currency speculation is against public order and good customs.
If the currency speculation agreement stipulates capital guarantee commitments and minimum guarantee clauses that are common in the industry (the competition for crypto funds is also fierce), are they effective? If the other partys level of currency speculation is poor, or there is always a technical problem and all the coins are lost, as an investor, can you let the other party compensate? The answer is: it depends. The court can each make certain decisions, which will be divided between the two parties.
Therefore, if there is a loss in a currency-related investment contract regardless of the date of signing, lawyer Hong Lin advises: A dead horse should be treated as a live doctor. What if the court can support it a little bit? Take back a little bit.
4. Disputes related to “mining”
original:
Virtual currency mining refers to the process of producing virtual currency through special mining machines. Judging from the trial status of the case, disputes caused by mining can be summarized into two types. One is that the parties purchase and lease mining machines that produce virtual currencies in order to obtain virtual currencies through mining activities. Disputes; one is a cooperation model that integrates multiple legal relationships such as the purchase and sale of mining machines, cooperation sharing or custody services. For example, both parties jointly invest in the purchase of mining machines and agree to share the shares after obtaining the virtual currency. Later, due to the failure of the seller to deliver the goods or Undivided disputes arise. Mining activities are gradually subject to strict control and orderly withdrawal due to their large energy consumption and carbon emissions, low contribution to the national economy, and limited role in promoting industrial development and technological progress.
When hearing cases, the peoples courts should reasonably balance the rights and obligations between the parties based on the impact of public policies on contract performance at different periods. Before the issuance of the Notice on Regulating Virtual Currency Mining Activities (September 3, 2021), national policy did not explicitly prohibit mining activities. The peoples court will not support a previous contract in which the parties agreed to buy, sell, lease, and keep mining machines or to provide additional services such as related operation management and technology development. During the lawsuit, the Peoples Court will not support a request to confirm the invalidity on the grounds that the subject matter or purpose of the contract is illegal. . If the contract cannot be performed subsequently due to the introduction of policies, and one party proposes to terminate the contract, the Peoples Court shall support it. After the contract is terminated, if the performance has not yet been performed, the performance shall be terminated; if the performance has been performed, the party may request restoration to the original status or take other remedial measures according to the performance situation and the nature of the contract, and has the right to request compensation for losses. For contracts after September 3, 2021, in which the parties agree to buy, sell, lease, and keep mining machines or provide additional services such as related operation management and technology development, the peoples court should determine the contract to be invalid. During the trial of a case, if one party sues to confirm the validity of the contract and requests continued performance of the contract, and the other party claims that the contract is invalid, or if one party sues to confirm the invalidity of the contract and return the property, and the other party claims that the contract is valid, the Peoples Court shall explain the changes to the plaintiff. Either add a claim, or explain to the defendant that the defense should be performed simultaneously, so as to resolve the dispute in one go. If a party changes its claim or raises a defense in accordance with the explanation, the peoples court shall classify it as the focus of dispute in the case and organize the party to fully present and cross-examine the evidence.
Lawyer’s interpretation:
The effectiveness of a mining contract cannot be one-size-fits-all. It depends on the signing time point + litigation initiation time point.
Mining agreements and agreed matters signed before September 3, 2021 are legal and valid because the country has not explicitly prohibited it. Mining agreements and agreed matters signed after September 3, 2021, are invalid. Whether it is a pure mining agreement or a variety of mining machine sales + custody services.
Although the contract was signed before September 3, 2021, if one party claims to terminate the contract on September 3, 2021 for reasons such as violating national policies, the court should support it. This regulation is good for mining investors, but not good for miners. Because if mining makes money, investors can continue to perform the contract; if mining does not make money and want to exit, they can use this rule to terminate the contract without assuming liability for breach of contract.
5. Disputes between users and virtual currency trading platforms
original:
Users registered on the virtual currency trading platform to participate in virtual currency transactions before the release of the Announcement on Preventing Financing Risks of Token Issuance (September 4, 2017). If the trading platform fails to perform the service agreement and causes losses, it shall report to the user in accordance with the law. Bear liability for breach of contract. If the user is also at fault for the loss, the corresponding loss compensation amount can be reduced. After the release of the Announcement on Preventing Financing Risks of Token Issuance (September 4, 2017), users registered on the virtual currency trading platform to participate in virtual currency transactions. The failure of the trading platform or the virtual currency issuer to fulfill their liquidation obligations resulted in their If a civil lawsuit is filed with the Peoples Court on the grounds of loss, the Peoples Court shall rule not to accept the case and notify the person to apply to the relevant department for handling.
Lawyer’s interpretation:
Before September 4, 2017, if Laojiucai had reasons and evidence to prove that the exchange maliciously pulled out network cables, misappropriated its own virtual assets, etc., causing its own losses, there was hope for rights protection;
As for the new leeks after September 4, 2017, no matter how badly you are harvested by the exchange, sorry, the court will not file a case. But I can suggest you file a criminal complaint.
For currency-related projects that have been cut off, choosing to trust the peoples police is the lowest-cost and most effective way to protect rights. This is something our team has tried repeatedly in practice.
6. Judgment and execution issues
original:
For a litigants request for the delivery or return of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, the Peoples Court shall ascertain the holding status of the virtual currency, clarify whether there is a possibility of delivery or return, and state this in the document. If it is determined after trial that the property cannot be returned or delivered, the parties should be guided to make reasonable claims and encouraged to reach an agreement on property rights and interests. If it is found after trial that there is a basis for actual performance, the peoples court clearly delivers or returns the virtual currency in the judgment in accordance with the petition of the parties. If the party with the obligation to deliver or return refuses to perform the obligations determined by the effective judgment, the peoples court may, in accordance with the Civil Procedure Law Implement relevant procedures and take appropriate measures.
Lawyer’s interpretation:
When it comes to virtual currency projects, when making a judgment, it is necessary to check whether there are any virtual assets in the wallet of the person subject to execution, and write the findings in the judgment (mediation agreement). Please like this point and no longer just judge but ignore it.
If during the investigation process, the court finds that there are not enough virtual assets in the other partys wallet, it can suggest that both parties convert it into RMB or other valuable things for execution, so as to save you from having to come to the court later. This point refers to the execution case of Shanghai Baoshan Court in May 2022. , Shanghai is still advanced enough.
If the court finds after inspection that the other party has sufficient virtual assets, it can directly stipulate in the judgment that the virtual assets should be returned. What should I do if the other party doesn’t give it? Can be enforced. For example, can assets in accounts that have undergone KYC on centralized virtual currency exchanges be frozen/transferred? But what should I do if it is found that the account has assets but the court does not have the private key?
7. Handling of economic disputes involving economic crimes
original:
In hearing civil and commercial cases, the Peoples Court found that the perpetrator was suspected of illegally raising funds, illegally issuing securities, illegally selling tokens, etc. in the name of token issuance financing or engaging in virtual currency financial management and other asset management activities. In the case of economic crimes, criminal clues shall be transferred to the investigation agency in a timely manner. Before the investigative agency makes a decision to file a case, the Peoples Court shall suspend the trial; after making a decision to file a case, it shall rule to dismiss the prosecution; if the investigative agency fails to file the case in a timely manner, the Peoples Court may report the case to the Political and Legal Committee of the Party Committee for coordination and handling when necessary. The Peoples Court should accept non-commercial virtual currency transactions or compensation behaviors based on the basic legal relationship between the parties, and civil disputes that have nothing to do with the above-mentioned economic crimes involving people.
Lawyer’s interpretation:
Fighting crime is everyones responsibility, including the courts. If during the trial of a civil case it is discovered that the style of painting is wrong and the person is suspected of a criminal offense, the person can be transferred to the police.
The above-mentioned article also made it easier for the court to kick the ball, and the court was ecstatic. Subtext: The court does not want to take care of the case and can transfer it to the police, and I will suspend the trial; if the police file a case, I will withdraw the case; if the police do not file a case, I will complain to the police.
3. Where is the direction of China’s Web3.0 compliance entrepreneurship?
In 2022 I was in this articleThe Metaverse is far away, NFT is very closeA point stated in: Blockchain compliance applications are NFTs, and NFT compliance applications are digital collections. Interested friends can take a look.
Regarding the direction of China’s Web3.0 compliance entrepreneurship, we must first clarify these three questions:
1. In China, virtual currency does not wait for blockchain
How to understand it can be viewed from three aspects:
China’s restrictions and denials of virtual currencies in China go hand in hand with its encouragement and development of blockchain technology. This is an important prerequisite for understanding blockchain entrepreneurship in China.
Many friends’ understanding of blockchain is narrowly focused on virtual currency, and they think that China’s denial of virtual currency is its denial of blockchain. However, virtual currency is only a scene in the early stages of the development of blockchain technology.
There are many places where you can start a business related to the big concept of blockchain, and there are many application scenarios of blockchain in the business society.
2. Why does China not welcome virtual currencies?
(1) The thinking is incorrect. Many virtual currencies are intended to replace the central bank and have companies or machines issue currency. This is something that no central bank with a sane mind would agree to. You know, money printing machines make more money.
(2) There are too many liars. Scammers are the most diligent people in the world. They are always following the latest trends in order to fish in troubled waters. Virtual currency is very convenient for capital disks or CX disks to commit fraud. Of course the country does not welcome this.
(3) Foreign exchange is difficult to manage. As we all know, China has a very healthy and complete foreign exchange management system. The funds that each person can cross the border every year are very limited and registered under real names. Blockchain is so convenient for transferring assets across borders. How can the country tolerate it?
3. Where are the opportunities for blockchain entrepreneurship?
The following content represents only personal opinions and does not constitute investment advice.
4. The future of Web3.0 is in China
The strong never complain about the environment, and opportunities always favor those who are prepared. What will the blockchain industry look like in 10 years? I have a few bold guesses, very irresponsible ones:
1. In 2023, the industry’s big institutions and popular fried chicken projects may all fail, just like Beijing’s Yinghaiwei in 1995.
2. Bitcoin will either become a regular target for alternative asset allocation and the price will slowly increase to more than 100,000 dollars, or it will completely return to zero. (Does not constitute investment advice!)
3. Stablecoins will become the first choice for cross-border trade and cross-border remittances. Mainstream social media and financial institutions will successively launch their own stablecoin systems. The global currency war in the Web3.0 era will continue to compete.
4. Security tokens have matured, but the path is not for Tokens to become securities, but for securities to become Tokens. Mainstream stock exchanges will choose to use blockchain as the underlying technical support, and debt-type Tokens corresponding to RWA are emerging in endlessly.
5. Crypto-financial centers in both the East and the West will launch regulatory sandboxes, allowing blockchain entrepreneurial teams to issue tokens to raise funds/bonds in a registration-based manner, but the amount of funds raised and investors will be limited, and participation in subscriptions and transactions will be limited. are compliant funds or compliant investors.
6. Functional tokens will become standard for most Web3.0 applications, just like wallets and points in the Web2.0 era. Functional tokens do not have the function of raising funds, but are only used for user incentives and network data circulation. Cross-project and cross-chain functional token circulation will become a trend, whether it is government-led or initiated by third-party commercial institutions.
7. NFT members will no longer deliberately emphasize the virtual reality of NFT in online social networking, online games, and e-commerce. Digital goods that are visible and intangible will become an extremely normal presence in daily consumer goods.
8. More importantly, the above conjectures can still happen in China with a high probability.
Why do you firmly believe that the future of Web3.0 lies in China?
1. China has accumulated the worlds leading Internet infrastructure in the Web2.0 era. Whether it is software, hardware or O2O, the upstream and downstream industrial chains of the Internet industry are very complete. The Chinese government has obviously tasted the benefits of the Web2.0 era. The Internets China will definitely not give up its leading position in the worlds first gradient.
2. China has the best Internet product managers and operational talents in the world. Whether you call it diligent or involuntarily, it is undeniable that China’s absolute leading number of outstanding Internet talents are in product design, user experience, traffic acquisition, and business realization. All dimensions are definitely far ahead in the world.
3. China has a population of 1.412 billion, and the number of mobile Internet users is 1.2 billion. Such a unified market often attracts the envy and jealousy of Internet project developers from other countries and regions, not to mention that this unified market is protected by an invisible wall.
The division of labor between Mainland China and Hong Kong is different:
1. The blockchain in China must be integrated with industry, using the digital economy to promote the development of traditional industries, and using the blockchain to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and promote consumption.
2. Hong Kong, China, has become a financial center for virtual assets, so its weakness is exaggerating.
3. For Chinese blockchain entrepreneurs, what do you need to know about what you want to do? If you want to combine your business with the real industry, and if your customers are in mainland China, then just settle down and develop in mainland China, and don’t think about issuing coins. If you want to do overseas markets and do things related to virtual assets, don’t hesitate. Hong Kong’s gradually opening regulatory policies are waiting for you.
This article is the content of the Beidou Project·Blockchain Science Popularization for College Students course I participated in in Conflux Treemap in November. It coincides with recent hot topics. I would like to share it with you and welcome discussion.
The author of this article: Lawyer Liu Honglin (founder and director of Shanghai Mankiw Law Firm), member of the Youth Working Committee of the Shanghai Lawyers Association, member of the Information Working Committee of the Shanghai Lawyers Association, and member of the Legal Technology Committee of the Shanghai Lawyers Association. He has 10 years of experience in law and Internet entrepreneurship. , served as the vice president of Tencent Strategic Investment Legal Technology Company and the legal manager of a private equity fund of a listed company. He is good at proposing practical implementation plans for cases from the perspective of business model and legal practice to maximize business interests for clients.
Served as legal counsel for a number of blockchain companies with backgrounds in listed companies, and has provided compliance consulting and legal services to 100+ blockchain companies and projects, with rich practical experience.
Lawyer Liu Honglin has received many interviews and exclusive interviews from many domestic mainstream media such as Beijing News, Jiemian News, Red Star News, and Financial Lianxin. He led the release of the Legal Industry Blockchain 2020 Annual Report and participated in the writing of the best-selling book Twilight of the Corporate System: Blockchain Thinking and Digital Incentives.
Special statement: This article is an original article by Shanghai Mankiw Law Firm. It only represents the personal views of the author of this article and does not constitute legal consultation or legal opinions on specific matters. If you need to reprint the article, please contact Mankun Law Firm staff: MankunLawFirm
